André Philidor (c.1647-1730) and Jacques Philidor (1657-1708): Marche de Timbales
Johann Carl Christian Fischer (1752-1807): Symphony with Eight Obbligato Timpani
Johann Melchior Molter (1696-1765): Sinfonia No. 99 in F major
Johann Christoph Graupner (1683-1760): Sinfonia
Georg Druschetzky (1745-1819): Concerto for Six Timpani and Orchestra • Partita in C major
The earliest references in European literature to kettledrums appear in accounts of the crusaders confronting Moslem armies. For example, in his Life of Saint Louis, Jean de Joinville describes meeting the armies of the Sultan of Cairo at the Egyptian coastal city of Damietta in the spring of 1248: “It was a sight to enchant the eye, for the sultan’s arms were all of gold, and where the sun caught them they shone resplendent. The din this army made with its kettledrums and Saracen horns was terrifying to hear” (Joinville & Villehardouin, Chronicles of the